Dairy

Selection of dwelling place and houses:

ÞLow priced place and low labor cost are required.

ÞThe place should be apart from town or overcrowded locality.

ÞIt is apart from main road but communication must be very good.

ÞThe place should be opened.

ÞThe place should be high so that rain water cannot be entered and deposit.

ÞThe place must be drained well.

ÞThe supply of water and electricity should be well.

ÞThe house will be made scientifically.

Cow Houses:

Classification of Shade:

There are two types of shades.

1.  One row ,

2.  Two row

a.   Face to face

b.  Opposite face

House area according to weight and chest measures:

Weight (kg)	Chest measurement (cm)	Width (cm)	Length (cm)
300	152.5	99.5	132.8
400	165.0	100.7	142.25
500	177.5	114.00	152.40
600	190.5	121.95	162.55
700	203.5	129.55	175.75
800	216.0	137.15	182.90

Home care and sterilizing methods :

1. We have to clean the house in the morning after get out cows from the house.
2. The house is to make in such a way that air and light can enter easily in the room.
3. We have to aware of damp.
4. We have to make house in such a way that rain water can’t enter the house.

A day of every week we have to clean house with germ destructive water solution.


Health Management of Cows:

We have to set up fence around the farm.

1.  There will be foot path in front of the entrance of the farm.

2.   Outsider can’t enter the farm.

3.   We have to prevent rat, insects and wild animals.

4.   We have buy diseases free cows for the farm.

5.  Died cow must be buried 2 meters deep outside the farm and lime should be scattered on died body.

6.  Worm destroying medicine will be used with doctor’s advise.

7.  Have to provide balance diet daily. Stale (washed), dirty food is not allowed.

8.   In summer food mixer is not allowed after 7 days.

9.  Food granary should have to well air and light. It should be clean and dry.

10. Vaccine should be regular. But ill cows are ignored.

General rule of vaccination: We must be careful when we transfer vaccine from one place to another. We transport it on cooling van or flax or small pot with ice. We have to notice that direct sun light can’t on the vaccine. We also are careful when we use on cows.

1.  Vaccine must use on healthy cows.

2.  Seed of vaccine must not contact on sun light.

3.  Without the suggestions of Veterinary surgeon we can’t use vaccine on pregnant cows.

4.  We can’t use vaccine on ill cows.

5.  Mixing pot, syringe, needle etc must be clean and germ free.

6.  It is useful when sunlight is soft or low to use vaccine.

7.  Within 1 hour of mixing vaccine must be used.

Food:

Animal food must contain with all 6 elements i.e. Starch, Protein, Fat, Minerals, Vitamins and Water. Cow’s health depends on taking food. Without taking balance diet i.e. with all 6 food elements the cow’s heath can’t be good. And we can’t get enough milk and healthy baby. So we have to give them balance diet.

Characteristics of balance diet:

Ø It is tasty and bland.

Ø It is cheap and available.

Ø Scaled food must with green grass.

Ø It must contain 15-16 % Protein.

Rules and elements of balanced diet:

Straw, green grass, granules and water are elements of balanced diet. Here are the rules to make balance diet for daily basis.

Straw	A cow need 2-3 kg straw daily. We have to cut straw 6-8 cm long then it will be mixed with granule and 300- 400 gm of molasses in a trough in water.
Green grass	A cow needs 12-15 kg of green grass. In order to collect adequate milk from cows they need additional green grass.
Granules	Straw and green grass they need sufficient granules. Granules are made with the following elements- Wheat husk Rice powder Broken khesari  pulses Til or nut cake Vitamin mineral Salt 50% 20% 18% 10% 1% 1%

Quantity of granules (daily):

Cub	Cow with milk	Cow without milk	Bull (aged & active)
0.50-1.00 kg	3.00-4.00 kg (need extra1 kg for extra 2.5 lt of milk)	1.5-2.0 kg	3.0-4.0 kg

The cows need sufficient pure drinking water daily.

Food chart for a pregnant cow (daily):

Green raw grass	Dry straw	Granules	Clean water
12-15 kg	3-4 kg	3 kg	sufficient

We must careful on pregnant cows in order to get healthy and wealthy cub. Generally the pregnancy period is 280 days. In order to keep fit of pregnant cow and kid (cub) healthy cow need granules as well as balance diet after 6 months of pregnancy.

Granules for a pregnant cow (daily):

Wheat husk	Rice powder	Broken khesari  pulses	Til or nut cake	Minerals	Salt
56%	15%	13%	12%	3%	1%

Food chart for a cub (daily):

Cub age (day)	Colostrums or shawl milk	Granules and green grass
1-4	1 kg Colostrums for every 10 kg body weight.	No
5-14	1 kg milk for every 10 kg body weight.	No
15-21	1 kg milk for every 10 kg body weight.	Fresh green grass and granule.
22-90	1 kg milk for every 10 kg body weight.	Fresh green grass and granule suit for cub.
91-180	No need.	Sufficient green grass and 1-2 kg granule.

Granules for a baby cow (daily):

Wheat husk	Broken bhutta	Broken chola pulses	Broken khesari  pulses	Til or nut cake	Minerals	Salt
50%	20%	10%	9%	9%	1%	1%

Crab Farming

_{Mud Crab Culture}

_{Mud crab culture is basically a tasty crop which is produce in coastal areas on the world. It becomes increasingly popular for its flesh quality and size.}

_{Mud crabs are of 2 kinds. (1) Scylla serrata and (2) Scylla tranquebarica are seen in the sea shore, backwater, saline lake and mangrove swamp. These two species of crabs lives in sea shore areas and inland saline waters which bottom are sandy or muddy.
Generally Scylla serrata is known as mud_crab or green_crab. It is famous for size, quality of meat, higher price_rate and demand for export. The mud crab grows fast in saline or brackish water in a low cost. It makes crab fattening or crab culture attractive to the farmers for growing demand in domestic market and export.}

_{Market:
Crab market for export and domestic use is fulfilled by collecting them from seas and saline waters. The market of live or frozen crabs is high to the South_East_Asian countries. So we can export them easily.
Scylla serrata or mud crab has much market in domestic to other kinds of crabs. The crabs that have carapace-width > 14 cm and weight > 400 gm) are collected mainly for export.}

_{Mud crab culture practices:
There has 2 types of mud crab culture:(1) fattening of water crabs (which flesh contents are low) and (2) grow_out of juveniles to the market size.}

_{Grow_out systems for green or mud crabs have more scopes. This system we can produce in a high rate. It is a basically pond_based system. Mangroves are attached with or without it.}

Particulars	Quantity
Pond size	0.1 - 0.5 ha
Maximum  density	1 crab per sq. meter
Culture period	12 - 24 weeks

_{Water quality:}

Salinity	10 – 35 ppt
Temperature	27 – 32 0C
Dissolve Oxygen	5 – 7 ppm
PH	7.7 – 8.5
Water-height	0.5 – 1.0 m

_{However, for lack of juvenile or seed crabs in nature and lack of artificial food the system is not popular.}

Crab Fattening
_{The fattening of Crabs is basically a culture in the time they moult their outer covers/shells or water crabs are kept in captivity for a short time of 15 or more days till they become fleshy or female_crabs that are not matured are kept for a short time being till their gonads are developed and fill up the mantle cavity. The system is well known in Asian countries for growing demand of gravid females as well as big_size hard_shelled crabs in the sea-food restaurants.}

_{Technical Parameters of Crab fattening:
Seeds of crab (all size) can get in sufficient quantity from nature. We can get Juvenile crabs from all kinds of salt water sources such as sea shore, backwaters, lakes, mangroves, creeks, estuaries and salt lagoon. By applying bamboo_traps, scissors_nets and lift_nets seeds can collect easily. The seed supply of mud crab cultivation depends generally on the nature. It is the main limitation of mud/green crab culture/cultivation. The parameters required for crab fattening are briefly described below.}

_{Soil quality:}

_{The appropriate soil for the project of the pond is sandy and sandy_clay. This kinds of soil protect burrowing holes.}

_{Water quality:}

_{Good quality sufficient water is needed for this project. Mud crabs can tolerate highly saline conditions. So sea water or brackish water is suitable with crab fattening.}

Salinity	15 – 30 ppt (must >10 ppt)
pH	7.8 – 8.5
Temperature	28 – 30 0 C
Dissolved oxygen	> 5 ppm.

_{Pond (size and constructions):
Generally fattening of crab is cultured in ponds. Generally 250 - 1000 square meters of area and 500 - 1000 cm depth pond are used for this system. The pond bottom should be sandy. It discourages burrowing of crabs. Pond boundary should have at least 1 meter width. It prevent burrowing the boundary through mud for escaping. We should attached bamboo fence along with boundary of height 1.5 meter. The fence should fix with 0.5 meter deep in mud and 1 meter over the mud. A net is fixed over the fence so that crab can't escape over the fence.}

_{The crabs can fight any time so we should put hollow materials i.e. plastics pipes, bamboo_pieces or cement_pipes. When they make fight the weaken crabs take shelter in to it. It reduces fight among them.}

_{Water management:}

_{If we make pond besides the tidal river then tidal water can easily exchange through sluice gate. River current can flux or influx through the gate easily without any coast. This system minimizes the project cost.  The gate are affix with bamboo nets (i.e. nets made of bamboo-sticks in parallel) for the prevention of crabs escaping. In the low tidal influenced region brackish or sea water should pumped up at the one end of the pond and the water lay out at other end of the pond so that water can exchange easily.}

_{Pond management:
We should flux water by sluice gate or pump out water completely of the pond for drying pond bottom. Lime is scattered over pond bottom as well as boundaries for a few days. This process helps cultured crabs to free from harmful gases. Then we should influx tidal saline water in to the pond through sluice gate or by pump. Water height is 1 - 1.6 m is appropriate for the pond.} 

_{Stocking:
The crabs with soft_shelled of carapace width 8 cm and more or 550 gm and more weight crabs are stocked in the pond. We can stock 3 or less crabs in a square meter area. We can divide ponds into chambers in order to reserve the same_size crabs together. It reduces cannibalism or quarrel among them. We can separate same gendered crabs in different compartments/chambers.}

_Feeding:

_{Supply food 2 – 3 times a day with five(5) to ten(10) percent(%) of their body weight (8% - 10% at first week and next 5% - 7%). Generally a fattening cycle requires 15 – 20 days. We can provide kitchen leftovers like rice, vegetables, fish and animal entrails, swine manure, snails, oyster etc. We should take care when providing food. we should put food in multiple places or scatter in the pond to avoid fighting. We supply adequate food for their proper growth.}

_{Harvesting:
We should collect crabs when their shell become hard. The general survival ratio is about 80 -85 %. We should collect crabs when the shell become hard and before next moulting time (the shell become soft). During high_tide water can influx easily in to the pond through sluice gate. In the time the collection can easy in a tide_fed ponds. When water begin to influx in to the pond the crabs start swimming across the influx water. They gather near bamboo-stick net (partition made of bamboo sticks). We can catch crabs with nets and hand_picking by expert labors.}

_Collection:

_{We should collect crabs in the evening or early morning. It is possible 5/6 rounds per year of fattening.}
 

_{Packing:
At first we have to clean thoroughly the crabs with water carefully. Then their largest legs should be tied carefully with nylon thread by expert labors so that they can't make cannibalism. Then we have to put in to bamboo baskets in less numbers as their died rate become very less. In transporting we must take steps about humidity condition.} 

_{Production:
We can produce about 240 kg of crabs in a circle from 0.1 hector of pond area.}

_{Marketing:
Crab is a tasty sea_food. So it has a good market all over the world}
 

_{Financial viability:
The financial viability of the activity is as follows –}

Particulars	Parameters
Total time	25 – 35 days
Area of a pond	0.1 hector
Area for a Crab	1.0 sq meter (for 550 to 600 grams each)
Round per year	First year ->          3 Sec. Year onward->  5
Survival	85%
Expected Production	240 Kg

Fish Farming

Ruhi Fish:

Ruhi is a tasty fish. It is a fish of river. But it is also suitable for ponds also.

Physical Characteristic: Its head is comparatively small to body. Upper side portion is more convex than lower side. Lips are thick and fold and have 2 small trunks in front of lip.

Food and Eating habits: Ruhi fish eat food from mid level water. It is carnivorous. It eats animal particles when carp then plant particles, animal particles and rotten organic particles.

Maturity and Reproduction: Ruhi fish grow length up to 1 meter. It becomes maturity within 3 years. In a suitable climate it laid eggs in open water within May to August. We can reproduce eggs artificially in hatchery.

Katala Fish:

It is a tasty and rapidly growing fish. It is a fresh water fish. It is suitable for ponds though it is a fish of river.

Physical Characteristic: Its head is comparatively large to body. Face is wide and bent to upward. Upper side portion of body is more convex than lower side. Upper lip is thin and lower lip is thick. The upper part of the body is dark gray and sides are silvery. Fins are blackish.

Food and Eating habits: Katala fish eat food from upper level water. It is carnivorous. It eats plant particles and animal particles.

Maturity and Reproduction: Katala fish become 1 meter length in maturity. It becomes sexual maturity within 3 – 5 years. A female Katala fish conceive 15,00,000 – 30,00,000  of eggs. In a suitable climate it laid eggs in open water within June to August. We can reproduce eggs artificially in hatchery.

Mrigela Fish:

It is a fresh water and very tasty fish. It is a fish of river. It can farm in ponds also. It is a rapidly growing fish.

Physical Characteristic: Its body is long. Its lower body portion is about straight. Upper lip is curve towards bellow and has two small trunks in front of it. The upper part of the body is gray and both sides and lower part are silvery.

Food and Eating habits: Mrigel fish eat food from bottom level of the pond. It is carnivorous. It eats animal particles, little animals and rotten organic materials from clay and bottom level.

Maturity and Reproduction: Mrigel fish become 1 meter length and 8 – 9 kg weigh in maturity. It earns sexual maturity in second year. A female Mrigel fish conceive 1,00,000 – 5,00,000  of eggs. In a suitable climate it laid eggs in open water within May to August. We can reproduce eggs artificially in hatchery.

Silver Carp Fish:

It is absolutely fresh water fish. It can farm in ponds also. It is a rapidly growing fish. It is a tasty fish. It is normally born in China and Russia. But its cultivation is worldwide now a day.

Physical Characteristic: Its body is covered with small size scales. Belly side is more convex than back side. Tail is narrow but middle body is wide. Its body is long. Its backside is slightly brown.

Food and Eating habits: Silver fish takes food from upper level of the pond. It normally takes small and rotten plants.

Maturity and Reproduction: Silver fish become 1 meter length and 8 – 9 kg weigh in maturity. It earns sexual maturity in second year. We can reproduce carp artificially in hatchery.

Grass Carp Fish:

It can farm in ponds. It is a rapidly growing fish. It is normally born in China and Russia. But its cultivation is worldwide now a day.

Physical Characteristic: Its body is long. Its lower body portion is about straight. Upper lip is curve towards bellow. Back side fin is small. The upper part of the body is slightly green. Head is comparatively small to body.

Food and Eating habits: Silver Carp fish eat food from all level of the pond. It is herbivorous. It eats aquatic weeds and green grass.

Reproduction: It doesn’t leave eggs in closed water. In a suitable climate it laid eggs in open water like river. We can reproduce eggs artificially in hatchery.

Mirror Carp:

It looks beautiful. It is found in temperate region of Asia.

Physical Characteristics: Its body is skate. Head is comparatively small to body. Its body is covered with reddish scales. It has a little number of rows scales. Back side is slightly brown and belly side is golden. Scales are big.

Food and Eating habits: It takes food from bottom level of the pond. It is carnivorous. It eats animal particles, little insects and rotten organic materials from clay and bottom level.

Reproduction: It can laid eggs in ponds. It leaves eggs in summer or rainy seasons and winter seasons two times in a year.

Pond Preparation:

Fish farming is one kind of cultivation. We have to prepare ponds before leaving carp in the ponds. In order to prepare ponds we should follow next steps.

1.  Pond reformation,

2.  Cleaning Weeds,

3.  Remove huge and unexpected fishes,

4.  Use of lime,

5.  Use of fertilizers and

6.  Experimentation of natural food in the ponds.

Ponds Reformation: It is the first step of ponds reformation.

Clay Removal: If there stay additional clay we have to remove it as it causes harmful gasses, bacteria and insects. In order to upgrade the pond’s environments we should remove extra clay (more than 20 – 25 cm deep). We can do it by pumping water out of the pond.

Recovering Boundaries: If the boundaries are unprotected we should repair it immediately. Otherwise it may over flood in the rainy season. Fishes in the ponds can leave the ponds and huge fishes can enter into the ponds that causes harm our farm. We also plant grass all over the side boundaries to make it firm.

Weed Cleaning: Weed consume foods from ponds water that destroy natural foods and fertilizers. We can clean weeds as follows-

1. Physical labor: We can clean floating weeds by physical labor easily.

2. Biological Methods: If we keep a few numbers of herbivorous fishes such as Grass Carp, Rajputi etc. they eat floating and drowned weeds as well. After leaving carp in the ponds we can remove it easily in this way. If we reserve this kinds of fish a few number in a pond then the pond is clean as well.

3. Applying Chemicals: Extra green moss is harmful for ponds. It lacks oxygen in pond water. As a result growth of fishes will decrease or may die. We can apply 35 gm copper sulfate per hundreds of pond area with 1 meter height for solving this problem.

Huge and unexpected fishes Removal:

Huge fishes eat carp and fish food. As a result growth of fishes decreases. We can remove it as follows-

1.  Drying Pond: By drying ponds all kinds of fishes can caught easily. Huge fishes and harmful insects can easily enter into clay. By keeping pond bottom dry for a few days we can destroy them and poisonous gasses easily. As a result productivity of fish increases.

2.  Pulling Net: By pulling thick net again and again we can collect them easily. We should tie weighted concrete materials with lower border of net and pull it slowly.

3.  Applying Chemicals: When drying pond is impossible then we can use chemicals like Rotenon and Fostonic for destroying all kind of fishes and germs

Elements	Gm/hundreds of land/meter
Rotenon	30 -35 gm
Fostonic	3 gm (1 tab)

Mix Rotenon or Fostonic with pond water and pull net 2/3 times then fish will die. We should collect fishes with net immediately otherwise fish will rotten.

Use of Lime: Lime purifies water. Use of lime in the pond is essential. It supplies calcium for fishes, reduce acidity and increase alkalinity. As a result increases fertility of soil and water. It destroys harmful germs and insects. Use of lime depends on soil P.H.

Soil P.H.	Lime (kg/hundreds)
0.0 – 3.9	10
4.0 – 4.5	5
4.6 – 5.5	3
5.6 – 6.5	2
6.6 – 7.5	1

We should not through dry lime on water. At first we mix it with water in a plastic or mud pots. Then we can through on water after cooling lime solution.

Fertilizer:

Fish production depends on growing small size green plants such as Fytoplanton. And Fytoplanton production depends on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Some times these elements are not sufficient in pond water. So we have to supply fertilizer in the ponds. These fertilizers are of two kinds-

1.Organic Fertilizer: We can get this fertilizers from cow dung, poultry stool, compost and green fertilizers.

2.Chemical Fertilizer: We generally use UREA, TSP, and MP etc. as fertilizer.

Experiment of Natural Food in Water:

The color of water with sufficient natural foods is green or brawn. After applying fertilizers for 5 – 7 days we have to collect pond water in a transparent glass. If we can see green or brawn particles in that water then it is suitable for leaving carp.